Recovery Month Kit at Recovery Month

The Role of the Community: Families, Clergy, Recovery Communities, and People in the Social Services, Child Welfare, and Justice Systems
Combining Efforts to Help People With Substance Use Disorders

Gamber Portrait Serving as the presiding judge in cases dealing with offenders recovering from alcohol and drug addiction is both challenging and rewarding. As judge, my role is to encourage and support recovery, and develop a sense of trust and responsibility in offenders. I remind offenders they don't always have the choice of their circumstances, but they do have the choice in how they handle them.

It is essential that I treat each individual with dignity and respect, and respond to the needs that are unique to each person. Encouragement, support, and praise have a remarkably positive effect on people struggling to recover.

Hon. Terry H. Gamber
Resident Circuit Judge
Circuit Court of Illinois
Jefferson County Courthouse

Substance use disorders affect people from all walks of life. And they affect the entire community of people who are close to those who experience them, from young people to older adults, family, friends, colleagues, and neighbors.

In fact, for people like Tahra Luther, a student whose stepfather was an alcoholic, the impact on family members is strong, but recovery can bring about positive changes in family members' lives. According to Tahra, “Alcoholism is a painful disease for those who have it, as well as those who love them. I have watched how it affected my mom, who married an alcoholic. As I learned about it through a children's support group program offered by a local treatment center, I discovered it is a disease – but one for which recovery is possible. Now, I look up to no one more than my mom and stepdad. They have been able to provide a healthy and happy environment for our family, and I know I will do the same for my own family in the future.”

Alcoholism, such as what Tahra's stepfather experienced, contributes to the problem of substance use disorders nationwide. Substance use disorders encompass both dependence on and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs. Dependence on and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs, which include nonmedical use of prescription-type drugs, are defined using the American Psychiatric Association's criteria specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Dependence reflects a more severe substance problem than abuse; individuals are classified with abuse of a particular substance only if they are not dependent on that substance.¹

As many as 63 percent of Americans say that addiction to alcohol or other drugs has had an impact on them at some point in their lives, whether it was the addiction of a friend or family member or another experience, such as their own personal addiction.² Overall, an estimated 22.2 million Americans age 12 or older (9.3 percent of the total population) were considered to need treatment for an alcohol or drug use disorder in 2003.³

These disorders are medical conditions and can be treated. A major study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that treatments for substance use disorders are as effective as treatments for other chronic conditions, such as high blood pressure, asthma, and diabetes.⁴

Yet large numbers of people in need of treatment do not receive it. In 2003, 26.3 percent of Americans (273,000 people) who recognized they needed treatment for a substance use disorder tried, but were unsuccessful in their efforts to obtain treatment.⁵

Individuals seeking effective treatment services can be guided toward treatment and recovery by their physicians and other medical professionals, as well as through other sources in their communities, including their families, trusted clergy, other people in recovery, and professionals in the social services, welfare, and justice systems.⁶ Everyone can play a positive role in referring members of their community to treatment, ensuring that individuals have access to a variety of treatment programs to meet their needs, and supporting the need for private health insurance plans that cover a full range of treatment services.

This document outlines the roles that various members of a community can play, from assessing and referring people to treatment and providing access to affordable treatment to supporting ongoing recovery. In fact, it is important to understand the distinction between recovery and treatment. Recovery, the process of initiating and maintaining abstinence from alcohol or other drug use, frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment. For many, treatment involves multiple interventions and attempts at abstinence, and treatment can occur in a variety of settings, in many different forms, and for different lengths of time.^{7, 8}

Whether you are someone in recovery from a substance use disorder, a concerned family member, a member of the clergy, or someone working in the welfare or social services field, you can help recognize the signs of substance use disorders in people you know and refer them to the treatment they need. When someone you know shows some signs of a substance use disorder, that person may need a referral to formalized treatment. Signs can include strained relationships, legal problems, money problems, accidents or arrests for driving while intoxicated (DWI), health problems, school/work problems, depression or suicide attempts. ⁹ For more information on the indications of a substance use disorder, you can consult a publication available through the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information that is titled Family Guide: Is There a Substance Abuse Problem in Our Family? This publication is available at http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/nongovpubs/phd757/#PROBLEM.

Families play a critical role in noticing when a family member may need help and in referring relatives to treatment programs. This role is particularly vital when it comes to teen and older adult relatives. Recent research shows that teens who regularly participate in episodes of heavy drinking have long-term, negative health consequences, such as obesity and high blood pressure.¹⁰

Although overall teen drug use is declining, a June 2004 press release from the Partnership for a Drug-Free America reported that fewer pre-teens see a risk in using inhalants, and more are willing to experiment. To help parents, many communities have started anti-drug parent peer groups and anti-drug coalitions that are bringing together new allies – such as schools, businesses, faith communities, and youth groups-to help stop drug use and underage drinking.11 At school, guidance counselors, teachers, coaches, and other adults are resources parents can turn to for help.

A new publication by SAMHSA entitled What Is Substance Abuse Treatment: A Booklet for Families shows families how to properly assess family members and detect when treatment is needed. To order a free copy, visit http://ncadistore.samhsa.gov/catalog/productDetails.aspx?ProductID=16890 or call 1-800-729-6686.

Families that include older generations also can monitor their elderly, who may unintentionally encounter dangers in mixing prescription medications and alcohol.

Clergy members also should learn to recognize signs of substance dependence, understand addiction's effect on people and their families, and know the characteristics of each stage of recovery. Core competencies clergy should have in this area include:

Clergy members can recognize the early warning signs of chemical dependence, refer people to treatment, and organize congregational support for those in recovery and their families, especially if they are in recovery themselves. To help clergy become proficient in these skills, SAMHSA produced a valuable resource in 2003 titled Core Competencies for Clergy and Other Pastoral Ministers in Addressing Alcohol and Drug Dependence and the Impact on Family Members.This guide is available online at http://alt.samhsa.gov/Grants/competency/competency.pdf (download Adobe Acrobat Reader), and print copies can be ordered from SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) at 1-800-729-6686.¹⁴

If you are in recovery yourself, you may find it easy to recognize the signs of substance use disorders in others. Sharing your experience of recovery can inspire others who have not yet begun the road to recovery.¹⁵

In some communities, legal professionals have formed lawyer assistance programs to encourage other lawyers to seek addiction treatment. These programs enable legal professionals to assist each other with recovery, while maintaining their confidentiality.¹⁶

People in recovery also can serve as role models, telling people what to expect from treatment and demonstrating that treatment is effective and recovery is possible. This is important to communicate because denial and prejudice about addiction and the recovery process can keep people from seeking treatment.^{17, 18} As someone who has gone through a similar experience, the person in recovery can share the message that recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment, but treatment can be successful.¹⁹

Role modeling is particularly effective among youth. For instance, the Clean Summer Series, which features young people in recovery who tour the state of Massachusetts to share their experiences with youth their age, has been found to work best when younger students make a connection with someone they look up to, so they can learn from them.²⁰

Support for recovery communities is available from the federal government via the Recovery Community Services Program (RCSP), a grant program of SAMHSA. In RCSP grant projects, peer-to-peer recovery support services are provided to help people initiate and/or sustain recovery from substance use disorders. Some RCSP grant projects also offer support to family members of people needing, seeking, or in recovery. Peer support services are not treatment or post-treatment services provided by professionals, but rather support services from people who share the experiences of addiction and recovery. As mentioned above, peer-to-peer services help prevent relapse and promote long-term recovery, thereby reducing the strain on the overburdened treatment system. For additional information on various recovery organizations in the United States, please refer to the “Resources” section of this planning toolkit.²¹

People who work in the welfare and social services fields are charged with assessing whether people under their care are suffering from substance use disorders and referring them to treatment programs. They also can refer family members of people suffering from these disorders to peer support groups where they can meet other people whose relatives also experience these disorders. Their role is critical; for adults, a therapist or other counselor is the most influential factor in getting people to attend their first Al-Anon meeting.²²

Justice system personnel also are important in assessing and referring people with substance use disorders to treatment programs. In 2002, the criminal justice system was the principal source of referral for 36 percent of all substance abuse treatment admissions.²³

Employees in the welfare, social services, and justice systems should be aware that youths and older adults in particular may be in need of treatment. For people who work in the child welfare system, a publication from SAMHSA titled Child Welfare and Substance Use Disorders provides information on the screening and assessment of families in the child welfare system.²⁴ This publication is available free from SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) by telephoning 1-800-729-6686 or visiting http://ncadistore.samhsa.gov/catalog/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductID=16848

Another source for information for people in the welfare, social services, and justice system fields is the National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare (NCSACW), which offers training materials on such topics as how to identify families involved in the child welfare system as a result of parental addiction. For more information, visit www.ncsacw.samhsa.gov/resources.asp. In addition, the Child Welfare League of America has a number of relevant publications that can be ordered online at www.cwla.org/pubs/default.htm.

An authoritative resource to aid social service providers in the screening process, SAMHSA has produced a pocket screening tool for these providers to use with older Americans, entitled Alcohol Use Among Older Adults: Pocket Screening Instruments for Health Care and Social Service Providers.²⁵ This publication is available free from SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) by telephoning 1-800-729-6686 or visiting www.cwla.org/pubs/default.htm.

Appropriate treatment programs must be available within the community to accommodate people who may benefit from alcohol or drug treatment. SAMHSA has made the need to increase people's access to treatment programs a priority with the launch of President Bush's Access to Recovery (ATR) grant program, which is administered by SAMHSA. By providing vouchers to people in need of treatment, this grant program promotes individual choice for addiction treatment and recovery services. It also expands access to care, including access to faith- and community-based programs, and increases substance use disorder treatment capacity. More information about the Access to Recovery initiative and grant program, including a list of states where the program has been launched, is available from SAMHSA at www.samhsa.gov.

At the same time, everyone at the community level can help people in need of treatment for substance use disorders obtain access to treatment.

Families can play a critical role in helping their relatives access treatment programs by consulting the SAMHSA Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator at www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov or telephoning SAMHSA's National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP. An operator is available 24 hours a day and is accessible to Spanish speakers.

Family and friends also can play critical roles in motivating people with drug problems to stay in treatment. The involvement of a family member in a person's treatment program can strengthen and extend the benefits of the program.²⁶

Understanding what a family member experiences in treatment is a very important part of the recovery process for the entire family. The SAMHSA publication entitled What is Substance Abuse Treatment: A Booklet for Families helps families understand the process that their loved one is going through when they are referred to treatment. To order a free copy, visit http://ncadistore.samhsa.gov/catalog/productDetails.aspx?ProductID=16890.

Family members also can participate in the treatment process along with the person with a substance use disorder through organizations such as Al-Anon and Alateen. In fact, family-based treatments are currently recognized as among the most effective approaches for adolescent drug problems.²⁷

Recovery communities contribute a valuable component of treatment. Self-help support groups can enable people in recovery to help each other. Most drug addiction treatment programs encourage people to participate in a self-help group during and after formal treat-ment.²⁸ People who are in recovery may want to share their stories with others who are just beginning the treatment process and help them understand that by simply starting the recov�ery process, they will see they are not alone. People in recovery provide powerful examples of the rewards of a life free from addiction, and their healed lives can motivate others to take the first step toward recovery.

To help people in recovery learn ways to share their stories with others facing similar experiences, Faces & Voices of Recovery held training sessions in 2004 that educated people in recovery about how to inspire and motivate others to speak up and get involved.²⁹ Additionally, a September 2003 Johnson Institute press release mentioned that this organization offers similar training, such as its “Recovery Ambassadors Program,” which provides leadership training to people in recovery.

Many people with untreated substance use disorders are found in the criminal justice system, so people who work in the justice system can help ensure these people have access to treatment programs. There is an ongoing trend toward addressing substance use disorders with treatment, rather than with punishment.³⁰

In many localities, the justice system improves people's access to treatment by providing drug courts, which represent the coordinated efforts of the judiciary, prosecution, defense bar, probation, law enforcement, mental health, social service, and treatment communities to actively intervene and break the cycle of substance use.³¹ To date, there are more than 1,000 opera�tional drug court programs in the United States. Drug courts may provide job/skill training, family and group counseling, and other resources that help families cope with their situation.³²

According to the National Drug Court Institute, drug courts have been called the most significant criminal justice initiative in the last century.³³ They are beneficial to people experiencing addiction, and save taxpayers money. The administrators of the State Court System of New York estimate that $254 million in incarceration costs were saved by diverting 18,000 non�violent drug offenders into treatment.³⁴

Justice system personnel referring people to treatment programs should recognize the need for a comprehensive recovery support system to meet the person's social, physical, and mental health needs. For example, among juvenile offenders, treatment options that show the best evidence of effectiveness are behavioral therapies, intensive case management, cognitive-behavioral skills training, family-oriented therapies, and multi-systemic therapy.³⁵

Researchers have found that effective treatment saves money, reduces crime, and lowers relapse and recidivism rates. Studies show that substance use disorder treatment cuts drug use in half, reduces criminal activity up to 80 percent, and reduces arrests up to 64 percent.³⁶

Efforts can be made to improve access to treatment among families in the child welfare system. One successful and cost-effective innovation is the use of family drug treatment courts that provide timely and coordinated access to treatment and support services for families. This coordination reduces the trauma that families experience when faced with multiple systems, policies, and competing timelines.³⁷

Additionally, “unified family courts” combine all the elements and resources of traditional juvenile and family courts. Within these courts, families can access social services, dispute resolution assistance, and counseling. Such systems can better address the needs of children and families, and minimize the reliance on traditional court procedures, often avoiding costly trials and other direct judicial intervention. ³⁸

People in the family and social services fields also can take steps to increase a family's access to treatment. They can support collaborative model programs, including partnerships with community-based family and social services, which offer the adequate, integrated treatment and recovery services required for families in need.³⁹

According to the National Association for Children of Alcoholics, if a child's parent has an alcohol or drug problem, family and social services personnel can help children get involved in specialized educational support groups provided by local schools, faith communities, youth organizations, child welfare agencies, and treatment centers. These programs help children develop strong social skills and a close bond with a caregiver, while perceiving their experiences constructively, even if those experiences cause pain or suffering, so they can gain, early in life, other people's positive attention.⁴⁰ It is important to understand the challenges these children face and the special needs they have based on their individual experiences.

Phillips Portrait Life is certainly a process, one that is continuously changing. And with each change, we have been offered unexpected opportunities for growth. Where we stand today is far removed from our position 14 years ago when we took our third step together. We had no idea of the blessings that were to come. Our lives have changed dramatically. We have gone from the “Bonnie and Clyde” of Cleveland to providing hope for other families suffering from abuse and addiction. The dynamics of addiction and the concepts of a family disease are epitomized in our family. While we come from very different backgrounds, we were raised in alcoholic homes and have passed that legacy to our children. Of our six children, two are in recovery and one has chosen not to use. Our hope is to break the cycle for our grandchildren, since we now have the tools for living a life free from addiction and all the insanity associated with it.

Dave and Lisa Phillips
Recovery Advocates

Unfortunately, the availability of appropriate treatment programs in the community does not guarantee access to those services. Some people lack health insurance or the means to pay for treatment.⁴¹

And even those who have private health insurance frequently find that their benefits are limited and do not provide coverage for a full range of treatment. Their plans may offer only limited–if any–support for continuing care, a treatment component that can be essential for people in recovery who are working to avoid relapse.⁴² Studies suggest that long-term care strategies of medication manage�ment and continued monitoring produce lasting benefits, but drug dependence generally has been treated as if it were an acute illness.⁴³

People with substance use disorders who do not have adequate private health insurance coverage, therefore, may be able to access some treatment services, but not necessarily the specific programs they need to fully recover. Recovery is a personal process. ^{44, 45, 46} One recent study found that the rates of treatment retention and completion are improved when addiction treatment and services specifically meet the needs of the person seeking treatment.⁴⁷

To address the insurance coverage problem, families, clergy, recovery communities, and professionals in the social services, welfare, and justice system fields all can support the need for adequate private insurance coverage for a full range of treatment programs and for improved access to treatment programs in their community. People with substance use disorders can be encouraged to speak out publicly. By doing so, they will be reaching out to other people with similar problems, their families, and those around them.

To help people become more comfortable about taking a stand on this issue, training programs are available to teach people how to most effectively communicate their message.⁴⁹ For more information on training programs for the recovery community, you can consult Faces & Voices of Recovery at www.facesandvoicesofrecovery.org and the Johnson Institute at http://johnsoninstitute.org. One way to spread the word about the need for improved private health insurance coverage for treatment is to write a letter to the editor of a local newspaper or author an op-ed piece on a relevant topic, such as expanding private insurance coverage for the treatment of addiction and alcoholism.⁴⁹

This year's National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery Month (Recovery Month) theme, “Join the Voices for Recovery: Healing Lives, Families, and Communities,” is a call to action for communities to coordinate education and awareness efforts with agencies at all levels. Following are some things you can do to contribute:

For additional Recovery Month materials, visit our Web site at www.recoverymonth.gov or call 1-800-662-HELP.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
4-H
Healthy lifestyle education and activities for youth are presented through a program managed nationally by the Families, 4-H, and Education and Extension Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
1400 Independence Avenue SW, STOP 2225
Washington, D.C. 20250-2225
202-720-2908
www.national4-hheadquarters.gov

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (ED)
The Department of Education makes available information for students, parents, teachers, and administrators, including grants for anti-alcohol/drug programs.
400 Maryland Avenue SW
Washington, D.C. 20202-6123
800-872-5327 (Toll-Free)
www.ed.gov

ED, Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools
This office provides information on drug-free school programs and activities.
400 Maryland Avenue SW
Washington, D.C. 20202-6123
202-260-3954
www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (HHS)
This government agency provides information and resources on alcohol and drug use disorders and health insurance/Medicaid issues.
200 Independence Avenue SW
Washington, D.C. 20201
877-696-6775 (Toll-Free)
www.hhs.gov

HHS, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The National Institutes of Health is the steward of medical and behavioral research for the nation. It is an agency under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-496-4000
www.nih.gov

HHS, NIH
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
This institute provides leadership in the national effort to reduce alcohol-related problems by conducting and supporting research in a wide range of scientific areas.
5635 Fishers Lane, MSC 9304
Bethesda, MD 20892-9304
301-443-3885
www.niaaa.nih.gov

HHS, NIH
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
This government institute supports more than 85 percent of the world's research on the health aspects of drug abuse and addiction and carries out a broad range of programs to ensure rapid dissemination of research information and its implementation in policy and practice.
6001 Executive Boulevard Room 5213 MSC 9561
Bethesda, MD 20892-9561
301-443-1124
Telefax fact sheets: 888-NIH-NIDA (Voice) (Toll-Free)
Or 888-TTY-NIDA (TTY) (Toll-Free)
www.nida.nih.gov

HHS, NIH, NIDA
Office of Science Policy and Communications
This government office conducts science-based research on alcohol and drug use disorders.
6001 Executive Boulevard Room 5213, MSC 9561
Bethesda, MD 20892-9561
301-443-1124
www.drugabuse.gov

HHS, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
This Federal agency improves the quality and availability of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitative services in order to reduce illness, death, disability, and cost to society resulting from alcohol and drug use disorders and mental illnesses.
1 Choke Cherry Road, 8th Floor
Rockville, MD 20857
240-276-2130
www.samhsa.gov

HHS, SAMHSA Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS)
This national center delivers mental health services to provide the treatment and support needed by adults with mental disorders and children with serious emotional problems.
1 Choke Cherry Road, 6th Floor
Rockville , MD 20857
240-276-2550
www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov

HHS, SAMHSA
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP)
This government organization improves the accessibility and quality of alcohol and drug use disorder prevention programs and provides national leadership in the development of policies, programs, and services to prevent the onset of illegal drug use and underage alcohol and tobacco use.
1 Choke Cherry Road
Rockville, MD 20857
240-276-2420
www.samhsa.gov/centers/csap/csap.html

HHS, SAMHSA
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT)
This government organization provides information on treatment programs, publications, funding opportunities, and resources and sponsors Recovery Month.
1 Choke Cherry Road, 5th Floor
Rockville, MD 20857
240-276-2750
www.samhsa.gov/centers/csat/csat.html

HHS, SAMHSA
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI)
This clearinghouse provides comprehensive resources for alcohol and drug information.
P.O. Box 2345
Rockville, MD 20847-2345
(240) 221-4036
800-729-6686 (English and Español)
800-487-4889 (TDD)
www.ncadi.samhsa.gov

HHS, SAMHSA
National Helpline
This national hotline offers confidential information on alcohol and drug use disorder treatment and referral.
800-662-HELP (800-662-4357) (Toll-Free)
800-487-4889 (TDD) (Toll-Free)
877-767-8432 (Spanish) (Toll-Free)
www.samhsa.gov

HHS, SAMHSA
National Mental Health Information Center
This center supplies publications and information about mental health.
P.O. Box 42557
Washington, D.C. 20015
800-789-2647 (Toll-Free)
www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov

HHS, SAMHSA
Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator
This is a searchable directory of alcohol and drug treatment programs.
www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (DOJ)
This government agency enforces the law and defends the interests of the United States according to the law, including drug enforcement.
950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
202-353-1555
www.usdoj.gov

DOJ, National Criminal Justice Reference Service
To support research, policy, and program development worldwide, this Federal organization provides criminal justice and alcohol and drug use disorder information.
P.O. Box 6000
Rockville, MD 20849-6000
800-851-3420 (Toll-Free)
301-519-5500
www.usdoj.gov/02organizations/02_1.html

DOJ, National Institute of Justice
This national research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice is dedicated to researching crime control and justice issues.
810 Seventh Street NW, Seventh Floor
Washington, D.C. 20531
202-307-2942
www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/

DOJ, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
This government agency offers resources for community-based youth rehabilitation programs and information about the juvenile justice system.
810 Seventh Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20531
202-307-5911
www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/

Aliviane NO-AD, Inc.
This non-profit, community-based organization is dedicated to the provision of HIV and alcohol and drug use disorder prevention, intervention, treatment, education, and follow-up care to the residents of West Texas.
7732 North Loop Road
El Paso, TX 79915
915-881-8220
www.aliviane.org

Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America
This youth mentoring organization helps at-risk youth overcome the many challenges they face.
230 North 13th Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
215-567-7000
www.bbbsa.org

Boys & Girls Clubs of America
This organization provides opportunities for recreation and companionship for children at home with no adult care or supervision.
1230 West Peachtree Street NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
404-487-5700
www.bgca.org

Boy Scouts of America
The Boy Scouts of America offers character development programs and leadership training for boys. National Office
1325 West Walnut Hill Lane
Irving, TX 75015
972-580-2000
www.scouting.org

Catholic Charities, USA
This membership association provides vital social services to people in need, regardless of their religious, social, or economic backgrounds.
1731 King Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-2756
703-549-1390
www.catholiccharitiesusa.org

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
This Mormon organization promotes strong family relationships.
2520 L Street NW, Second Floor
Washington, D.C. 20037
202-448-3333
www.lds.org

Connecticut Community for Addiction Recovery (CCAR)
Community of persons in recovery, family members, friends, and allies, CCAR is organized to put a positive face and voice on recovery from alcohol and drug use disorders.
530 Silas Dean Highway, Suite 220
Wethersfield, CT 06109
860-571-2985
www.ccar-recovery.org

Faces & Voices of Recovery
This national recovery advocacy campaign mobilizes people in recovery from alcohol and drug use disorders and their family members, friends, and allies.
1010 Vermont Avenue NW, Suite 708
Washington, D.C. 20005
202-737-0690
www.facesandvoicesofrecovery.org

General Board of Global Ministries of the United Methodist Church
This organization offers faith-based programs for people with alcohol and drug use disorders.
110 Maryland Avenue NE, Suite 404
Washington, D.C. 20002
202-548-2712
http://www.gbgm-umc.org

Girl Scouts of the U.S.A.
The Girl Scouts are dedicated to helping all girls everywhere build character and gain skills for success in the real world.
420 Fifth Avenue, 15th Floor
New York, NY 10018-2798
800-GSUSA4U (800-478-7248) (Toll-Free)
www.girlscouts.org

Jewish Alcoholics, Chemically Dependent Persons and Significant Others
This group assists Jewish alcoholics, chemically dependent persons and their families, friends, and associates to explore recovery in a nurturing Jewish environment.
850 Seventh Avenue, Penthouse
New York, NY 10019
212-397-4197
www.jacsweb.org

National Families in Action
National Families in Action presents science-based policies to help families and communities prevent youth drug use.
2957 Clairmont Road NE, Suite 150
Atlanta, GA 30329
404-248-9676
www.nationalfamilies.org

We Care America
This national network of individuals, churches, and ministries work together to meet the needs of the poor and hurting by building capacity among faith-based organizations.
44180 Riverside Parkway, Suite 201
Lansdowne, VA 20176
703-554-8600
www.wecareamerica.org

Young Men's Christian Association of the U.S.A. (YMCA)
The YMCA provides health and social services for men, women, and children.
1701 K Street NW, Suite 903
Washington, D.C. 20006
202-835-9043
www.ymca.net

Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A. (YWCA)
The YWCA offers health and social services for women and their families.
1015 18th Street NW, Suite 1100
Washington, D.C. 20036
202-467-0801
800-YWCA-US1 (Toll-Free)
www.ywca.org

Health and Treatment Organizations
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT)
This association represents the professional interests of more than 23,000 marriage and family therapists throughout the United States, Canada, and abroad.
112 South Alfred Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-3061
703-838-9808
www.aamft.org

American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM)
This society increases access to and quality of treatment, educates the medical arena and the public, and promotes research and prevention.
4601 North Park Avenue Upper Arcade, Suite 101
Chevy Chase, MD 20815-4520
301-656-3920
www.asam.org

Association of State and Territorial Health Officials
This association develops programs and policies for state health departments to promote health and prevent disease.
1275 K Street NW, Suite 800
Washington, D.C. 20005
202-371-9090
www.astho.org

The Ensuring Solutions to Alcohol Problems Initiative
George Washington University
This program works to increase access to treatment for individuals with alcohol problems by collaborating with policymakers, employers, and concerned citizens.
2021 K Street NW, Suite 800
Washington, D.C. 20006
202-296-6922
ensuringsolutions.org

Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health
This national parent-run organization focuses on the needs of children and youth with emotional, behavioral, or mental disorders, and their families.
1101 King Street, Suite 420
Alexandria, VA 22314
703-684-7710
www.ffcmh.org

Hazelden Foundation
This non-profit, private treatment organization offers publications and programs for individuals, families, professionals, and communities to prevent and treat alcohol and drug use disorders.
P.O. Box 11
Center City, MN 55012
800-257-7810 (Toll-Free)
www.hazelden.com

Hope Networks/We Recover Foundation
This group supports community efforts regarding treatment, job skills, living skills, and retraining programs to reduce poverty, crime, and illiteracy found in untreated communities.
8867 Highland Road, Suite 320
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
888-472-0786 (Toll-Free)
www.hopenetworks.org

National Association of Community Health Centers
This association collaborates with community, migrant, and homeless health centers that provide health care to the poor and medically underserved.
7200 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 210
Bethesda, MD 20814
301-347-0400
www.nachc.com

National Association of Rural Health Clinics
This association offers information on how to improve the delivery of quality, cost-effective health care in rural, underserved areas.
426 C Street NE
Washington, D.C. 20002
202-543-0348
www.narhc.org

Recovery Works
Recovery Works offers resources for recovery from various forms of addiction.

Step One
Step One provides treatment for individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders and their families in North Carolina.
665 West Fourth Street
Winston Salem, NC 27101
800-758-6077 (Toll-Free)
336-725-8389
www.stepone.org

Therapeutic Communities of America
This national non-profit membership association represents more than 400 treatment programs that provide services to alcohol and drug use disorder clients with a diversity of special needs.
1601 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 803
Washington, D.C. 20009
202-296-3503
www.therapeuticcommunitiesofamerica.org

American Bar Association (ABA),
Standing Committee on Substance Abuse
The Standing Committee on Substance Abuse is committed to promoting justice system reform that addresses problems associated with illegal use of drugs and alcohol in this country. To carry out this mission, the Standing Committee collaborates with other ABA entities, federal, state, and local public/private organizations, and state, local, and territorial bar associations.
740 15th Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
202-662-1784
www.abanet.org/subabuse

Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
This center focuses on reducing reliance on incarceration as a solution to social problems.
54 Dore Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
415-621-5661
www.cjcj.org

D.C. Bar Lawyer
Counseling This organization provides services to the profession, the courts, and the community in Washington, D.C.
1250 H Street NW, Sixth Floor
Washington, D.C. 20005-5937
202-737-4700
www.dcbar.org

The Legal Action Center
This non-profit law and policy organization fights discrimination against people with histories of alcohol and drug use disorders, HIV/AIDS, or criminal records, and advocates for sound public policies in these areas.
153 Waverly Place
New York, NY 10014
212-243-1313
www.lac.org

National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP)
This association seeks to reduce substance abuse, crime, and recidivism by promoting and advocating for the establishment and funding of drug courts and providing for the collection and dissemination of information, technical assistance, and mutual support to association members.
4900 Seminary Road, Suite 320
Alexandria, VA 22311
703-575-9400
www.nadcp.org

National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges
The Council supplies publications and information about juvenile and family courts.
University of Nevada
1041 North Virginia Street, Third Floor
Reno, NV 89557
775-784-6012
www.ncjfcj.org

National TASC (Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities)
This membership organization represents individuals and programs dedicated to the professional delivery of treatment and case management services to populations with alcohol and drug use disorders.
2204 Mount Vernon Avenue, Suite 200
Alexandria, VA 22301
703-836-8272
www.nationaltasc.org

American Psychological Association
The American Psychological Association is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States. Its membership includes more than 150,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students.
750 First Street NE
Washington, D.C. 20002-4242
202-336-5500
202-336-6123 (TDD/TTY)
800-374-2721 (Toll-Free)
www.apa.org

American Public Health Association
This association influences policies and priorities to set public health practice standards and to improve health worldwide.
800 Eye Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20001
202-777-2742
www.apha.org

Child Welfare League of America (CWLA)
This membership organization has more than 1,100 public and private non-profit agencies promoting the well-being of children, youth, and their families, and protecting every child from harm.
50 F Street NW, 6th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20001-1530
202-639-4918
www.cwla.org

Children's Defense Fund
The Children's Defense Fund provides child welfare and health programs.
25 E Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20001
202-628-8787
www.childrensdefense.org

Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA)
This group builds and strengthens the capacity of community coalitions to create safe, healthy, and drug-free communities.
625 Slaters Lane, Suite 300
Alexandria, VA 22314
703-706-0560
800-54-CADCA (22322) (Toll-Free)
cadca.org

Johnson Institute
This national organization works to identify and eliminate barriers to recovery, while promoting the power and possibility of recovery by enhancing awareness, prevention, intervention, and treatment practices for alcohol and drug use disorders.
D.C. Office:
613 Second Street NE
Washington, D.C. 20002
202-662-7104
MN Office:
10001 Wayzata Boulevard
Minnetonka, MN 55305
952-582-2713
www.johnsoninstitute.org

Join Together
This national resource for communities working to reduce alcohol and drug use disorders offers a comprehensive Web site, daily news updates, publications, and technical assistance.
One Appleton Street, Fourth Floor
Boston, MA 02116-5223
617-437-1500
www.jointogether.org

Miami Coalition for a Safe and Drug-Free Community
University of Miami/North South Center
This broadly based community organization is committed to reducing the problems of alcohol and drug use disorders and directly related social issues by serving in the role as a community convener and facilitator.
1500 Monza Avenue
Coral Gables, FL 33146-3027
305-284-6848
www.miamicoalition.org

National Association for Children of Alcoholics (NACoA)
This national non-profit membership and affiliate organization works on behalf of children of alcohol- and drug-dependent parents and all family members affected by alcohol and drug use disorders.
11426 Rockville Pike, Suite 100
Rockville, MD 20852
888-55-4COAS (888-554-2627) (Toll-Free)
301-468-0985
www.nacoa.org

National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers
This association represents private alcohol and drug use disorder treatment programs throughout the United States.
313 West Liberty Street, Suite 129
Lancaster, PA 17603-2748
717-392-8480
www.naatp.org

National Association on Alcohol, Drugs and Disability, Inc. (NAADD)
This association promotes awareness and education about alcohol and drug use disorders among people with physical, sensory, cognitive, and developmental disabilities.
2165 Bunker Hill Drive
San Mateo, CA 94402-3801
650-578-8047
www.naadd.org

National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD)
By uniting a broad-based coalition of public and private sector organizations and others, the Commission works to reduce impaired driving and its tragic consequences.
8403 Colesville Road, Suite 370
Silver Spring, MD 20910
240-247-6004
www.ncadd.com

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. (NCADD)
This non-profit advocacy organization works with the legislative and executive branches of the Federal government on alcohol and drug policies, advocates for alcoholic and drug-dependent persons and their families, and provides information on prevention, intervention, and treatment to the public.
20 Exchange Place, Suite 2902
New York, NY 10005-3201
800-NCA-CALL (Hope Line) (Toll-Free)
212-269-7797
www.ncadd.org

National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare
The National Council is the only trade association representing the providers of mental health, substance abuse, and developmental disability services. Our members serve more than 4.5 million adults, children, and families each year and employ more than 250,000 staff.
12300 Twinbrook Parkway, Suite 320
Rockville, MD 20852
301-984-6200
www.nccbh.org

National Mental Health Association (NMHA)
This association is dedicated to promoting mental health, preventing mental disorders, and achieving victory over mental illness through advocacy, education, research, and service.
2001 North Beauregard Street, 12th Floor
Alexandria, VA 22311
703-684-7722
800-969-6642 (Toll-Free)
800-433-5959 (TTY)
www.nmha.org

Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug Policy
This organization conducts research and provides information to the public on drug use disorders, and works to put a new emphasis on the national drug policy by substantially refocusing the investment in the prevention and treatment of harmful drug use. PLNDP National Project Office Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies
Brown University
Box G-BH
Providence, RI 02912
401-444-1817
www.plndp.org

Adult Children of Alcoholics WSO
Adult Children of Alcoholics is a 12-step, 12-tradition program of women and men who grew up in alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional homes. Members meet with each other in a mutually respectful, safe environment and acknowledge common experiences.
P.O. Box 3216
Torrance, CA 90510
310-534-1815
www.adultchildren.org

Al-Anon/Alateen
This group provides support for families and friends of alcoholics. Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc.
1600 Corporate Landing Parkway
Virginia Beach, VA 23454-5617
757-563-1600
888-4AL-ANON (888-425-2666) (Toll-Free)
www.al-anon.alateen.org

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
AA offers a support group that provides sponsorship and a 12-step program for life without alcohol.
475 Riverside Drive, 11th Floor
New York, NY 10115
212-870-3107
www.aa.org

American Self-Help Sourcebook
This is a searchable database of more than 1,100 national, international, model, and online self-help support groups for addictions, bereavement, health, mental health, disabilities, abuse, parenting, caregiver concerns, and other stressful life situations.
Saint Clare's Health Services
100 East Hanover Avenue, Suite 202
Cedar knolls, NJ 07927
973-326-6789
www.mentalhelp.net/selfhel

Chemically Dependent Anonymous (CDA)
CDA's purpose is to carry the message of recovery to the chemically dependent person for those with a desire to abstain from drugs/alcohol.
P.O. Box 423
Severna Park, MD 21146-0423
888-CD A-HOPE (Toll-Free)
www.cdaweb.org

Cocaine Anonymous World Services
This is a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength, and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from their addiction.
3740 Overland Avenue, Suite C
Los Angeles, CA 90034
310-559-5833
800-347-8998 (Toll-Free)
www.ca.org

Dual Disorders Anonymous (DDA)
DDA is a 12-step fellowship of men and women who come together to help those members who still suffer from both a mental disorder and alcoholism and/or drug addiction.
P.O. Box 681264
Schaumburg, IL 60168-1264
847-490-9379

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Family Resource Institute (FASFRI)
FASFRI is a grassroots coalition of families and professionals concerned with fetal alcohol syndrome/effects. The group offers educational programs, brochures, information packets, group meetings, phone support, conferences, and referrals.
P.O. Box 2525
Lynnwood, WA 98036
253-531-2878
www.fetalalcoholsyndrome.org

Nar-Anon/Narateen
This organization provides support for families and friends of drug users.
Nar-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc.
22527 Crenshaw Boulevard, Suite #200 B
Torrance, CA 90505
800-477-6291 (Toll-Free)
www.nar-anon.org

Narcotics Anonymous World Services
This is a non-profit fellowship society of men and women for whom drugs had become a major problem. Membership is open to all drug addicts, regardless of the particular drug or combination of drug used.
P.O. Box 9999
Van Nuys, CA 91409
818-773-9999
www.na.org

MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving)
The MADD mission is to stop drunk driving, support victims, and prevent underage drinking.
511 East John Carpenter Freeway, Suite 700
Irving, TX 75062
800-GET-MADD (438-6233) (Toll-Free)
www.madd.org

National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
The largest membership organization of professional social workers in the world, this organization works to enhance the professional growth and development of its members, to create and maintain professional standards, and to advance sound social policies.
750 First Street NE, Suite 700
Washington, D.C. 20002-4241
800-638-8799 (Toll-Free)
202-408-8600
www.naswdc.org

Partnership for a Drug-Free America (PDFA)
This non-profit group helps reduce demand for illegal drugs by changing attitudes through media communications.
405 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10174
212-922-1560
www.drugfree.org

University of Baltimore Center for Families, Children and the Courts
This organization provides research, evaluation, technical assistance, and guidance to family and juvenile courts on substance use, addiction, abuse and neglect, domestic violence, and other family-related issues.
1420 North Charles Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
410-837-5750
http://law.ubalt.edu/cfcc

Association of Black Psychologists
This association addresses issues facing black psychologists and the black community.
P.O. Box 55999
Washington, D.C. 20040-5999
202-722-0808
www.abpsi.org

Black Administrators in Child Welfare, Inc.
This association provides help for African-American children and their families in the child welfare system.
440 First Street NW, Third Floor
Washington, D.C. 20001
202-662-4284
www.blackadministrators.org

National Indian Child Welfare Association
This association is dedicated to the well-being of American Indian children and families.
5100 SW Macadam Avenue, Suite 300
Portland, OR 97239
503-222-4044
www.nicwa.org

White Bison, Inc.
This American Indian non-profit organization offers learning resources to the Native American community nationwide on topics such as sobriety, recovery, prevention, and wellness/Wellbriety (the inspiration to go on beyond sobriety and recovery, committing to a life of wellness and healing every day).
6145 Lehman Drive, Suite 200
Colorado Springs, CO 80918-3440
866-480-6751 (Toll-Free)
719-548-1000
www.whitebison.org

Center for Alcohol and Drug Research and Education
This international non-profit organization provides public information and technical assistance, guidance, information, and expert service to individuals, organizations, governmental agencies, and a variety of non-profit organizations in the private sector to improve the quality of their response to alcohol and drug use disorders.
6200 North Charles Street, Suite 100
Baltimore, MD 21212-1112
410-377-8992

Hazelden Foundation
For a full description, refer to Health and Treatment Organizations.

National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (NASADAD)
This association supports the development of effective prevention and treatment programs throughout every state.
808 17th Street NW, Suite 410
Washington, D.C. 20006
202-293-0090
www.nasadad.org

National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA)
This center conducts research on the economic and social costs of alcohol and drug use disorders.
633 Third Avenue, 19th Floor
New York, NY 10017
212-841-5200
www.casacolumbia.org

Partnership for Recovery (PFR)
This coalition includes the Betty Ford Center, Bradford Health Systems, Caron Foundation, Cumberland Heights, Father Martin's Ashley, Gateway Rehabilitation Center, Hazelden Foundation, Sierra Tucson, Valley Hope Association, and the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers. The PFR works to eliminate barriers to addiction treatment through education and awareness.
101 Constitution Avenue NW Suite 675 East
Washington, D.C. 20001
202-737-8167
www.partnershipforrecovery.org

This list is not exhaustive of all available resources. Inclusion does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, or its Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

1 Results from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3964. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, September 2004, p. 57.

2 Faces & Voices of Recovery Public Survey. Washington, D.C.: Peter D. Hart Research Associates, Inc., and Coldwater Corporation, May 4, 2004, p. 1.

3 Overview of Findings from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3963. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, 2004, p. 7.

4 Kleber, H.D., O'Brien, C.P., Lewis, D.C., McLellan, A.T. Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284 (13), Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, October 4, 2000, p. 1689.

5 Overview of Findings from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, p. 7.

6 Principles of Medical Ethics: Public Policy of ASAM. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2001, pp. 1-2.

7 Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide. NIH Publication No. 00-4180. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, printed October 1999/reprinted July 2000, pp. 5, 13-15.

8 Daley, D.C., Marlatt, G.A. Relapse prevention: Cognitive and behavioral interventions. Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook, Lowinson, Ruiz, Millman, Langrod (editors), 1992, pp. 533-542.

9 “A Family Guide: Is There A Substance Abuse Problem in Our Family?” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information Web site: http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/nongovpubs/phd757/#PROBLEM, section entitled “Do We Have a Problem in Our Family?” Accessed October 19, 2004.

10 Oesterle, S., Hill, K.G., Hawkins, J.D., Guo, J., Catalano, R.F., Abbott, R.D. Adolescent heavy episodic drinking trajectories and health in young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, March 2004, 65(2):204.

11 Keeping Your Kids Drug-Free: A How-to Guide for Parents and Caregivers. Washington, D.C.: White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, November 1, 2001, p. 45.

12 As You Age...A Guide to Aging, Medicines, and Alcohol. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, May 2004, p. 5.

13 Core Competencies for Clergy and Other Pastoral Ministers in Addressing Alcohol and Drug Dependence and the Impact on Family Members. DHHS Pub. No. XXXX. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2004, p. iii.

14 Priestman, S., and Clay, R. SAMHSA Releases Guide for Clergy. SAMHSA News, May/June 2004, 12(3), section entitled “Core Competencies for Clergy.”

15 You Can Help: A Guide for Caring Adults Working With Young People Experiencing Addiction in the Family. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3544. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2002, Brochure.

20 Massey, J. “Young 'Ambassadors' Share Stories of Addiction, Recovery.” Boston Globe, July 8, 2004, p. 2, para. 1.

21 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Recovery Community Services Program Web site: http://rcsp.samhsa.gov, sections entitled “The Recovery Community Services Program,” “About the RCSP Program,” and “Peer Services: Peers Helping Peers.” Accessed November 16, 2004.

22 “Al-Anon Speaks Out.” Al-Anon Newsletter, Vol. 24, Issue 1. Virginia Beach, VA: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, 2004. Section entitled “Al-Anon/Alateen Membership Survey Highlights,” para. 4.

23 The DASIS Report: Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions Referred to the Criminal Justice System: 2002. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, July 30, 2004, p. 1.

24 Child Welfare and Substance Use Disorders: A Guide to Recovery for Families and Children. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3945. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, June 1, 2004, Brochure.

25 Alcohol Use Among Older Adults: Pocket Screening Instruments for Health Care and Social Service Providers. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 02-3621. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2001, Brochure.

26 Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide, section entitled “Frequently Asked Questions: How can families and friends make a difference in the life of someone needing treatment?” p. 21.

27 Rowe, C.L. and Liddle, H.A. Substance abuse. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 29 (1), January 2003, pp. 97-120.

28 Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide, section entitled “Frequently Asked Questions: Where Do 12-Step or Self-Help Programs Fit Into Drug Addiction Treatment?” p. 5.

29 The Power of Story and Persuasion: Fighting Stigma and Discrimination - Faces & Voices of Recovery Training. Washington, D.C.: Faces & Voices of Recovery, May 2004, p. 1.

30 Piper, B., et al. State of the States: Drug Policy Reforms, 1996-2002. New York, NY: Drug Policy Alliance, September 2003, p. i.

31 Huddleston, C., Freeman-Wilson, K., and Boone, L. Painting the Current Picture: A National Report Card on Drug Courts and Other Problem Solving Court Programs in the United States. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Court Institute, May 2004, p. 1.

32 Rempel, M., Fox-Kralstein, D. Cissner, A., Cohen R., Labriola, M., Farole, D., Bader, A., and Magnani, M. The New York State Adult Drug Court Evaluation: Policies, Participants and Impacts. New York, NY: Center for Court Innovation, 2003, p. 54.

33 “Drug Courts: A National Phenomenon.” U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Court Institute Web site: www.ndci.org/courtfacts.htm, section entitled “Drug Court Benefits,” para 1. Accessed November 18, 2004.

34 Rempel, M., Fox-Kralstein, D. Cissner, A., Cohen R., Labriola, M., Farole, D., Bader, A., and Magnani, M. The New York State Adult Drug Court Evaluation: Policies, Participants and Impacts, p. 171.

35 McBride, D., VanderWaal, C., VanBuren, H., and Terry, Y. Breaking the Cycle of Drug Use Among Juvenile Offenders. Manuscript prepared for the National Institute of Justice, 1997, p. 58.

36 The National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES): Highlights. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 97-3159. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Office of Evaluation, Scientific Analysis and Synthesis, 1997, pp. 241-242.

37 Lovato, N., Mack, K. Courts That Heal. Child Welfare League of America Web site, March/April 2003: www.cwla.org/articles/cv0303courts.htm, para. 2. Accessed September 29, 2004.

38 Cutting Crime: Drug Courts in Action. Washington, D.C.: Drug Strategies, 1997, p. 12.

41 Results from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings, p. 5.

42 Treatment for Addiction: Advancing the Common Good. Boston, MA: Join Together Policy Panel, January 1998, p. 3.

43 McLellan A.T., Lewis D.C., O'Brien C.P., Kleber H.D. Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association, January 2001, 285(4):409.

44 Mark, T.C. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Expenditures, 1987-1997. Health Affairs 19 (4), 2000, pp. 107-120.

45 The National Drug Control Strategy. 1999. ONDCP 1999b. Washington, D.C.: Office of National Drug Control Policy.

47 Hser, Y., Evans, E., Huang, D., Anglin, D. Relationship between drug treatment services, retention, and outcomes. Psychiatric Services July 2004, 55(7), pp. 767-774.